How global warming can affect your respiratory health | Explained

Global warming is one of the major public health emergencies with already unprecedented impacts on our environment and health. Global warming and climate change increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events amplifying air pollution levels and exacerbating respiratory diseases. Global warming plays a significant role in affecting individuals suffering from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis, and respiratory infections.

Global warming and the lung

Global warming intensifies respiratory conditions because of increased air pollution, higher levels of allergens, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. Rising temperatures accelerate the formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant that irritates the airways and worsens lung diseases.

Additionally, climate change contributes to more wildfires, leading to an increase in particulate matter in the air. This can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation.

Aggravating asthma

Asthma, a chronic lung condition characterised by airway inflammation and constriction, is highly sensitive to environmental changes. As temperatures rise, air pollutants like ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) also increase, which triggers asthma attacks. Furthermore, warmer conditions prolong the pollen season, exposing individuals to allergens for extended periods and increasing the risk of asthma exacerbations. High humidity and heat can also directly irritate the airways, making breathing difficult for asthma patients.

COPD woes

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is worsened by poor air quality. The rise in air pollution causes coughing and shortness of breath among individuals. Moreover, higher temperatures can lead to heat stress, making it harder for COPD patients to breathe. Extreme weather events like hurricanes and floods also displace individuals with COPD, limiting access to medical care and essential medications.

Exposure to allergic rhinitis

Rising temperatures and increased carbon dioxide levels promote plant growth and extend pollen seasons. This means individuals with allergic rhinitis are exposed to allergens for longer periods. Such individuals will experience worsening of their symptoms such as sneezing, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes. Additionally, mould growth, fuelled by increased humidity and frequent flooding, further exacerbates allergic symptoms.

Rise in respiratory infections

Warmer temperatures create favourable conditions for the growth of bacteria and viruses, increasing the risk of diseases like influenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Air pollution weakens lung defences, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Furthermore, natural disasters and extreme weather events disrupt healthcare systems and lead to overcrowding in shelters, facilitating the spread of respiratory illnesses.

The impact of global warming and climate change on respiratory health is profound and presents a global health challenge. Addressing climate change through pollution control, sustainable energy policies, and improved healthcare preparedness is essential to mitigating these health risks. Immediate action is necessary to protect vulnerable populations and ensure a healthier future in the face of climate change.

Dr. Rohith S. is a Senior Consultant at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, KIMSHEALTH, Thiruvananthapuram

Health