Thyroid Diseases — The Importance Of Early Diagnosis And Lifelong Monitoring

{By: Dr Sanjay Agarwal}

The thyroid gland is one of the most important glands in the body and is primarily responsible for metabolism, growth, and development of the individual. This gland is situated at the base of the neck, it releases hormones which have an effect on almost all organ systems of the body. With such widespread impact, thyroid disorders can result in various health problems that affect millions of people all over the world.

ALSO READ: Glaucoma Vs. Cataracts — How To Differentiate Between Two Common Eye Conditions

Types Of Thyroid Disorders: Causes And Symptoms

• Hypothyroidism - This is due to a decreased synthesis of hormones by the thyroid gland. Autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis where the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid are primary causes. Signs of hypothyroidism tend to be more acute and include fatigue, gaining weight, and heightened sensitivity to cold, constipation, and dry skin
• Hyperthyroidism - On the other hand, the condition hyperthyroidism is due to excess production of thyroid gland hormones. The most common cause of this disorder is also an autoimmune disease- Graves’ disease. Symptoms include an increase of appetite, weight loss, palpitations, sweats, and state of nervousness. When not treated early enough, severe adverse effects such as bone density reduction and heart conditions may be encountered.
• Goitre - An enlargement of the thyroid gland that can occur with both hypo- and hyperthyroidism. It is often caused by iodine deficiency and can vary in size from barely noticeable to large enough to impede breathing or swallowing.
• Thyroid nodules - Thyroid nodules are abnormal formations of the thyroid gland which are mostly noncancerous, however, there are some that can be cancer. They are usually not symptomatic but if they become large enough to exert pressure on other structures or glands in the neck, or if they produce thyroid hormones in excess, they can show symptoms
• Thyroid cancer - Although less common than other thyroid conditions, thyroid cancer can be serious. It may not cause early symptoms but can be detected through physical exams, imaging tests, and biopsies. Treatment often involves surgery followed by radioactive iodine treatment

The Importance Of Early Diagnosis

Early detection of thyroid diseases is crucial for multiple reasons. First, catching the disease early can help prevent it from getting worse and avoid further health problems. Effective early treatment can stop the disease in its tracks, improving the patient's everyday life by relieving symptoms such as fatigue, weight issues, and mood changes. Additionally, diagnosing and treating thyroid conditions early, especially in cases like hyperthyroidism, can significantly lower the risk of serious complications down the line, including osteoporosis and heart issues such as atrial fibrillation. Overall, early diagnosis leads to better health outcomes and a higher quality of life.

Common Methods For Diagnosing Thyroid Disorders

• Clinical evaluation - A thorough review of symptoms and a physical examination.
• Blood tests - These measure TSH, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine levels to assess thyroid function.
• Imaging - Ultrasound is commonly used to examine the thyroid's structure and to detect nodules or enlargement.
• Biopsies - Fine-needle aspiration biopsies are performed to evaluate nodules or masses within the thyroid for cancer.
• Thyroid uptake scan - This helps in determining the functioning of the gland by showing how much iodine the gland absorbs, useful in diagnosing causes of hyperthyroidism
• Thyroid Antibody Titres - Thyroid antibody titres are blood tests that detect antibodies targeting the thyroid, such as anti-TPO and TRAb. Elevated levels indicate autoimmune thyroid disorders like Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, helping diagnose and guide treatment even when hormone levels are normal

Thyroid Disorders In Pregnancy

Thyroid health is especially critical in pregnancy as it affects both mother and child. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can pose risks such as preeclampsia, premature birth, and low birth weight. Early and accurate diagnosis during pregnancy is essential to manage treatment effectively and safeguard the health of both mother and child.

Lifelong Monitoring And Management

The treatment of thyroid disease entails several courses of action that are consecutive in nature in order to ensure that they improve pathological conditions and prevent complications from arising. To begin, routine follow-up visits are required. These check-up appointments enable the doctor to monitor the progression of the treatment for the disease and any adaptations that may be appropriate in the specific treatment protocol. Many patients will need to take medication for the rest of their lives. It may be required to administer hormone replacement therapy due to less secretion from the thyroid, or medication to inhibit excessive secretion of thyroid hormones may be required. Finally, self-monitoring is of utmost importance. It is important for patients to pay careful attention to their symptoms and any abnormalities in their health status, and inform the doctors in a timely manner. This helps in controlling the disorder.

Thyroid diseases, due to their pervasive impact on the body's functions and quality of life, require careful and knowledgeable management. Early diagnosis and lifelong monitoring are paramount in effectively managing these disorders, minimising complications, and ensuring that patients lead healthy lives.

The author, Dr Sanjay Agarwal is the Head of Department- Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolic Diseases at Sahyadri Super Speciality Hospital, Nagar Road, Pune

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]

lifestyle